1
00:00:03,000 --> 00:00:05,000
.

2
00:00:05,120 --> 00:00:06,120
(Vogelkrachzen)

3
00:00:06,800 --> 00:00:07,800
(bird of prey call)

4
00:00:08,240 --> 00:00:09,440
(Spherical music)

5
00:00:12,680 --> 00:00:14,280
(Muffled street noise)

6
00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:17,280
(Spherical music
with singing in Chinese)

7
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:28,120
(English:) In the 1940s

8
00:00:28,240 --> 00:00:31,160
the song came about
"The East is red".

9
00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:33,840
(Chinese:)

10
00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:35,440


11
00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:39,120

produced.

12
00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:40,560
(Spherical singing)

13
00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:43,680
(Cheers, Applause)

14
00:00:45,960 --> 00:00:51,800
(English:) Mao is the one in the song
red sun, the great savior of China.

15
00:00:53,280 --> 00:00:54,600
(The children sing.)

16
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(English:) Before class
in elementary school

17
00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:06,480
we sang every day
a quarter of an hour:

18
00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:10,760
"Long live Mao, long live
the Communist Party."

19
00:01:15,760 --> 00:01:18,200
Chairman Mao
was like a god.

20
00:01:18,320 --> 00:01:19,920
(cheers, applause, whistles)

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00:01:23,720 --> 00:01:27,160
For some
he was a revolutionary hero.

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For others, a monster.

23
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(Thoughtful music)

24
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(The music becomes darker.)

25
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He was a monster, responsible
for the deaths of millions of people.

26
00:01:47,720 --> 00:01:48,720
(Dark music)

27
00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:55,960
(German:) Mao's ideas are analogous
a spiritual atom bomb.

28
00:01:56,080 --> 00:02:00,120
Mao has a way
of social nuclear fission

29
00:02:00,240 --> 00:02:02,480
produced among the Chinese people.

30
00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:03,600
(Dark music)

31
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In the three years of the so-called
Natural disasters and famines

32
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starved
about 40 million people.

33
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(shouts)

34
00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:23,880
We have to each other
ask uncomfortable questions.

35
00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:26,640
(tense music,
shouting at one another)

36
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Why did this happen?

37
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Why did so many take?
enthusiastically participate?

38
00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:33,480
What does that say?
about the Chinese psyche?

39
00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:35,080
What do we learn from this?

40
00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:36,680
(Oppressive music)

41
00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:45,120
Xi Jinping would like to the chairman
Emulate Mao, copy him.

42
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He wants an outstanding figure
be like Mao.

43
00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:53,160
(Angrily shouting)

44
00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:55,960
(tense music)

45
00:02:58,440 --> 00:02:59,560
(applause, whistles)

46
00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:05,600
Anyone who wants to understand China
must understand Mao.

47
00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:06,800
(Serious music)

48
00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:36,240
Mao Zedong is dead.

49
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(Serious music)

50
00:03:39,480 --> 00:03:42,320
On September 9, 1976

51
00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:45,600
represents a quarter of humanity
time still.

52
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(Serious music)

53
00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:52,440
930 million Chinese

54
00:03:52,560 --> 00:03:56,440
mourn the loss of the great chairman
and helmsman,

55
00:03:56,560 --> 00:03:59,960
like the head of the communist party
Also call the party of China.

56
00:04:02,480 --> 00:04:04,720
(English:) I was twelve years old.

57
00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:09,640
I remember
that I couldn't believe it.

58
00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:14,360
We are with the song "Long live
"Chairman Mao" grew up.

59
00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:19,920
I really thought
he would live forever.

60
00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:21,160
(Depressing music)

61
00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:28,040
Everyone around me
were shocked, some cried.

62
00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:29,160
(Serious music)

63
00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:32,840
On the pitch
of Heavenly Peace

64
00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:35,640
finds one
week-long memorial service.

65
00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:40,400
All over China,
to the last corner of the country,

66
00:04:40,520 --> 00:04:43,360
should the people
Pay their last respects to Mao.

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(English:) He was like a god
for me.

68
00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:53,280
All religions were demonized
or were considered sects.

69
00:04:53,400 --> 00:04:58,280
We should just
believe in communism and Mao.

70
00:04:58,400 --> 00:04:59,520
(worn music)

71
00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:04,040
Mao's body is
embalmed for eternity.

72
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In the middle of Beijing,
at Tiananmen Square,

73
00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:12,000
will be a huge mausoleum
built for him.

74
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(applause, whistles)

75
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Exactly in the place where to this day

76
00:05:17,480 --> 00:05:20,400
Chinese state celebrations
take place,

77
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even decades after his death,
Mao is omnipresent.

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00:05:25,360 --> 00:05:27,480
Xi Jinping ensures that,

79
00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:33,040
General Secretary of the Communist Party
Party and President since 2013.

80
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(Thoughtful music)

81
00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:40,520
(French:) When he came to power
came, he affirmed,

82
00:05:40,640 --> 00:05:45,960
China needs a strong man
to maintain socialism.

83
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He led according to Mao's example
reintroduces the cult of personality.

84
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Mao dreamed of communism
Chinese characteristics,

85
00:05:55,680 --> 00:05:58,160
of a strong and powerful country.

86
00:05:58,280 --> 00:06:02,480
Xi Jinping wants this vision
now finally implement.

87
00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:07,720
(English:) Xi Jinping
has an ambitious goal,

88
00:06:07,840 --> 00:06:11,000
the Chinese dream.

89
00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:18,120
He wants China by 2049
become the world's number one power.

90
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(Intimidating music)

91
00:06:22,760 --> 00:06:25,760
China should overtake the USA

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economic, military,
technological and diplomatic.

93
00:06:29,920 --> 00:06:31,960
(Intimidating music,
camera click)

94
00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:40,160
He turns back the clocks.

95
00:06:41,480 --> 00:06:43,640
He's like Mao.

96
00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:48,800
There are Xi Jinping thoughts,
Xi apps, Xi quote collections.

97
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Everyone needs to know their politics.

98
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(tense music)

99
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Under Mao every Chinese had to
"Words of Chairman Mao Zedong"

100
00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:01,720
memorize from the Red Book.

101
00:07:02,360 --> 00:07:06,560
And even today the thinking of
People are controlled and controlled.

102
00:07:06,680 --> 00:07:09,160
(German:) The party
has everything in view.

103
00:07:09,280 --> 00:07:11,120
She has this surveillance system.

104
00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:14,680
She actually wants to
control the whole society.

105
00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:20,480
Yes, that is
a pretty... perverted dream,

106
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well, actually a sunshine state.

107
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That's also Maoist...
Maoist legacy.

108
00:07:26,200 --> 00:07:27,200
(Serious music)

109
00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:35,560
When Mao Zedong was born in 1893,
China is a poorhouse.

110
00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:40,280
The empire that is over 2,000 years old
is in decline.

111
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Many people live in misery
and the ruling Qing dynasty

112
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the country can
no longer hold together.

113
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The empire is falling apart.

114
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(Serious music)

115
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China is being controlled by the imperialists
powers completely plundered.

116
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They force it
to open up to trade,

117
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even though it didn't want to.

118
00:08:03,360 --> 00:08:04,760
(Thoughtful music)

119
00:08:05,520 --> 00:08:09,360
Enforce with military pressure
Great Britain, France,

120
00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:12,360
the German Reich, Japan and the USA

121
00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:15,160
in the 19th century
Trade concessions.

122
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They exploit the country mercilessly.

123
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Within the borders of China
leased areas arise,

124
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Quasi-colonies.

125
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This represents China's power and
questioning his entire worldview,

126
00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:32,240
Sinocentrism.

127
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China looked at
itself as the center of the world.

128
00:08:36,680 --> 00:08:37,680
(Serious music)

129
00:08:38,320 --> 00:08:43,000
The Chinese call this time
as the century of humiliation.

130
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(Serious music)

131
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(English:) For many Chinese,
intellectuals and elites,

132
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From then on there was only one goal:

133
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China becomes a rich again,
to make a powerful country.

134
00:09:00,680 --> 00:09:02,080
(Thoughtful music)

135
00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:07,040
During this time, Mao grows
in a village

136
00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:10,080
in the central Chinese province
Hunan on.

137
00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:15,200
(English:) His father was
a rich, wealthy farmer,

138
00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:18,160
if not a landowner.

139
00:09:18,280 --> 00:09:19,680
(Thoughtful music)

140
00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:21,520
Mao's father is strict.

141
00:09:22,680 --> 00:09:25,480
He doesn't want to
that his son becomes a farmer,

142
00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:28,480
but a scholar, something special.

143
00:09:29,440 --> 00:09:30,840
(Thoughtful music)

144
00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:39,240
Back then only ten could
up to 15 percent of the population

145
00:09:39,360 --> 00:09:42,960
read and write.

146
00:09:43,080 --> 00:09:44,480
(Thoughtful music)

147
00:09:45,360 --> 00:09:46,800
(German:) His father wants,

148
00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:50,000
that Mao is a classic
Confucian education begins.

149
00:09:50,120 --> 00:09:52,320
This is his father
very, very important.

150
00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:57,360
So he is in the classic
Chinese quite well educated.

151
00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:00,920
In addition to writing,
Reading and arithmetic

152
00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:03,560
are unconditional order and harmony

153
00:10:03,680 --> 00:10:07,120
central elements
of Confucian philosophy.

154
00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:10,280
Only if people
stick to the rules,

155
00:10:10,400 --> 00:10:12,560
Everyone can live well together.

156
00:10:13,040 --> 00:10:17,640
Revolution and violence
Confucius categorically rejects.

157
00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:20,600
(Quiet sound)

158
00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:25,880
But peacefulness and gentleness
are not in Mao's character.

159
00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:29,000
He is impulsive, defiant, cheeky.

160
00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:33,280
To tame him,
his father often beats him.

161
00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:35,800
Without success.

162
00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:37,320
(Thoughtful music)

163
00:10:37,800 --> 00:10:41,040
Then he decides
To tame Mao differently.

164
00:10:41,640 --> 00:10:42,640
(Dark music)

165
00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:45,520
He's looking for a wife for him.

166
00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:49,640
At the age of 14, Mao

167
00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:52,960
with 18-year-old Luo Yigu
forced marriage.

168
00:10:54,280 --> 00:10:56,640
But Mao never consummates the marriage.

169
00:10:56,760 --> 00:10:57,920
(Oppressive music)

170
00:10:59,360 --> 00:11:00,480
(Shrill sound)

171
00:11:02,120 --> 00:11:05,520
The forced marriage
will shape him forever.

172
00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:11,400
As usual, his wife will
Part of the Mao family

173
00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:13,640
and stays in his parents' house.

174
00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:16,680
Hold on stubbornly
the rumors in the village,

175
00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:19,960
that she became a concubine
by Mao's father.

176
00:11:21,560 --> 00:11:27,520
Three years after the forced marriage
Luo Yigu dies of dysentery in 1910.

177
00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:29,640
(Depressing music)

178
00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,440
Mao becomes his father
despise forever.

179
00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:36,680
(German:) In principle I believe

180
00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:39,840
what Mao did in his childhood
experienced again and again

181
00:11:39,960 --> 00:11:42,720
and also in his youth
experienced again and again

182
00:11:42,840 --> 00:11:44,720
as a young man - rejection.

183
00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:50,120
You really have to go through difficult ones
navigate through situations,

184
00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:54,000
which him...
somewhere has always inspired.

185
00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:55,640
(Expectant music)

186
00:11:56,240 --> 00:11:59,800
At almost 18 years old
Mao leaves his home village.

187
00:11:59,920 --> 00:12:04,560
He moves to Changsha and does business there
training to become an assistant teacher.

188
00:12:06,560 --> 00:12:08,240
(shouts, lively music)

189
00:12:09,560 --> 00:12:13,160
Mao feels that in China
Change is in the air.

190
00:12:13,280 --> 00:12:16,280
Young people
question the Qing dynasty.

191
00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:18,120
Mao is one of those

192
00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:21,880
which is a sign of rebellion
cut off the braid.

193
00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:23,880
(Urgent music, shouts)

194
00:12:25,960 --> 00:12:28,360
In 1911 there was a revolution.

195
00:12:28,480 --> 00:12:30,000
(Urgent music, shouts)

196
00:12:30,920 --> 00:12:34,640
The Qing Dynasty is overthrown,
the Republic was proclaimed.

197
00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:36,880
(Urgent music, cheers, whistles)

198
00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:41,440
There will be democratic elections
carried out,

199
00:12:41,560 --> 00:12:43,640
those, however
again the following year

200
00:12:43,760 --> 00:12:46,720
by a military ruler
be undone.

201
00:12:46,840 --> 00:12:47,960
(Urgent music)

202
00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:55,640
Uprisings and revolts are increasing.

203
00:12:55,760 --> 00:12:57,760
In short: China is falling apart.

204
00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:00,640
Warlords and military cliques

205
00:13:00,760 --> 00:13:03,280
now master
large parts of the country.

206
00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:04,640
It's chaotic.

207
00:13:04,760 --> 00:13:09,440
Individual colonial powers such as Japan
use the resulting vacuum,

208
00:13:09,560 --> 00:13:11,360
to expand their power

209
00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:14,720
and about the country and its inhabitants
to be exploited even more.

210
00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:15,840
(battle cry)

211
00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:18,440
(Thoughtful music)

212
00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:21,560
How many
patriotic young people

213
00:13:21,680 --> 00:13:25,680
Mao was looking for
a vision for China's future.

214
00:13:27,360 --> 00:13:30,160
Physical exercise
and hardening

215
00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:32,720
are the focus
his first writings.

216
00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:34,240
(Thoughtful music)

217
00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:37,760
These are elements that...
again and again in his life

218
00:13:37,880 --> 00:13:40,080
become very, very important later.

219
00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:44,640
If you just want,
then you can achieve something.

220
00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:48,960
So, you have to, for example
steel his body,

221
00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:51,880
you have to
bathe in very, very cold water.

222
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:53,400
(Thoughtful music)

223
00:13:54,120 --> 00:13:57,760
That's exactly this Mao who says,
we can achieve all of this,

224
00:13:57,880 --> 00:14:01,680
we can defend ourselves against the worst
Defend waves if we only want to.

225
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:03,200
(Thoughtful music)

226
00:14:07,760 --> 00:14:10,080
Mao is like numerous
other young people

227
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:13,240
of the Russian October Revolution
impressed.

228
00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:18,520
He makes his first contacts
to communist student circles.

229
00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:24,040
In Changsha, where Mao lived
political career began,

230
00:14:24,160 --> 00:14:27,160
leaves the Communist Party
China's

231
00:14:27,280 --> 00:14:30,400
A statue in 2009
of the young Mao.

232
00:14:30,520 --> 00:14:34,320
Almost a million people
visit the monument every year.

233
00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:38,240
And Mao is depicted there
with such a huge quiff.

234
00:14:38,360 --> 00:14:41,080
Looks
like the Beethoven depictions,

235
00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:43,000
which are also common in China.

236
00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:45,480
Such a very romantic young Mao.

237
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:46,720
(tense music)

238
00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:51,040
(English:) In China today Mao

239
00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:55,480
as the calm one,
calm father of the country.

240
00:14:55,600 --> 00:15:00,080
I tell my students:
That's not Mao.

241
00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:07,520
In its radicality
Mao was unique.

242
00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:09,000
(tense music)

243
00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:14,080
Developed in the years from 1915
Mao spoke of the young rebel

244
00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:17,000
Step by step
to a convinced communist,

245
00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:19,160
the China
want to change from the ground up.

246
00:15:19,280 --> 00:15:21,560
(Tense music, babble of voices)

247
00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:26,920
He travels around the country and makes contacts
and moves to the metropolises,

248
00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:30,160
first to Beijing,
later to Shanghai.

249
00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:34,440
He works during the day
sometimes in a library,

250
00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:38,440
once in a soap factory,
and he writes for newspapers.

251
00:15:38,560 --> 00:15:42,800
In the evenings he visits political parties
Underground student clubs.

252
00:15:42,920 --> 00:15:44,040
(tense music)

253
00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:51,080
Shanghai symbolized the creation
humiliation of the Chinese people.

254
00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:53,840
(Depressing music, babble of voices)

255
00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:59,680
Shanghai is firmly under control
of the colonial powers.

256
00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:03,640
The city is
divided into leased areas,

257
00:16:03,760 --> 00:16:09,720
in a British one
international, a French.

258
00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:10,960
(Depressing music)

259
00:16:14,640 --> 00:16:19,360
Many places of entertainment,
cultural centers,

260
00:16:19,480 --> 00:16:23,400
Restaurants and meeting places
are forbidden for Chinese,

261
00:16:23,520 --> 00:16:26,960
because they will
considered dogs.

262
00:16:27,080 --> 00:16:30,400
At the same time, Mao experienced in Shanghai

263
00:16:30,520 --> 00:16:33,520
the beginning
the industrialization of China.

264
00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:36,400
Factories are built there
and industries.

265
00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:39,480
It is the beginning of capitalism.

266
00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:44,240
A working class is forming,

267
00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:48,560
and first unions
are founded.

268
00:16:50,840 --> 00:16:55,400
This development will also take place in
distant Moscow watched carefully.

269
00:16:56,480 --> 00:17:01,600
Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky have
about a powerful organization,

270
00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:05,640
the Communist International,
“Comintern” for short.

271
00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:06,760
(Quiet music)

272
00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:17,000
(English:) That was a
international governing body,

273
00:17:17,120 --> 00:17:19,320
financed by the Bolsheviks.

274
00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:24,600
A kind of special organization to...
drive a global revolution.

275
00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:29,280
The Comintern makes contact

276
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,600
with communist-minded circles
in China.

277
00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:36,800
The goal: the foundation
a communist party.

278
00:17:37,640 --> 00:17:41,760
Everything has to be done in secret
happen, because all over China

279
00:17:41,880 --> 00:17:45,880
the warlords take a rigorous approach
against alleged rebels.

280
00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:51,840
Takes place in the summer of 1921
the decisive meeting

281
00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:53,880
of the Chinese communists.

282
00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:57,520
It's just fine
by a little more than 50,

283
00:17:57,640 --> 00:18:00,920
a good dozen of them
gathered in Shanghai,

284
00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:02,880
under completely clandestine circumstances.

285
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,520
You meet
in a girls' school initially,

286
00:18:05,640 --> 00:18:08,960
then this place will be betrayed,
and you escape to a houseboat.

287
00:18:10,760 --> 00:18:14,760
On this day the men found their foundation
the Chinese Communist Party.

288
00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:17,360
Mao Zedong is one of them.

289
00:18:17,480 --> 00:18:21,600
At this point he is
Delegate of Hunan Province,

290
00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:24,240
an ordinary member
a party,

291
00:18:24,360 --> 00:18:28,080
their chances of success
appear negligible.

292
00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:30,200
(Solemn music)

293
00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:39,600
100 years later, in summer 2021,

294
00:18:39,720 --> 00:18:44,040
celebrates the Communist Party
China's 100th anniversary.

295
00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:47,600
It is a mass organization

296
00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:50,720
with over 90 million members
grown.

297
00:18:51,360 --> 00:18:53,440
But not everyone is allowed to join.

298
00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:56,960
The membership was long
only public servants,

299
00:18:57,080 --> 00:18:59,280
Reserved for farmers and workers.

300
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:03,360
Meanwhile, too
private entrepreneurs accepted.

301
00:19:03,480 --> 00:19:07,680
Anyone who joins the party
becomes part of a powerful network,

302
00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:10,720
the political protection,
best contacts

303
00:19:10,840 --> 00:19:14,000
and access to bank credit
promises.

304
00:19:14,120 --> 00:19:18,040
There is no appointment
to any post

305
00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:22,040
without the consent of the party,
even in private companies.

306
00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:24,520
The party always has to agree. Yes.

307
00:19:24,640 --> 00:19:26,240
(cheers, applause, whistles)

308
00:19:27,280 --> 00:19:33,400
Xi Jinping consciously joins in
the 2021 Mao celebrations.

309
00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:37,040
He presents himself
in gray Mao uniform,

310
00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:41,200
presents itself as a legacy and
Successor to the great chairman.

311
00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:44,760
The rise of Xi Jinping
to party and state leader

312
00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:47,000
was not free of obstacles.

313
00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:51,400
There is also here
certain parallels to Mao.

314
00:19:52,280 --> 00:19:56,080
Mao was not someone
the one from the start

315
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,720
in a privileged position
can occur,

316
00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:02,480
but he has to
really fight for it all.

317
00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:04,040
(Thoughtful music)

318
00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:07,880
Two years after its founding
the Chinese Communist Party

319
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,480
rises Mao
in the party hierarchy.

320
00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:13,600
He becomes secretary of the Central Committee.

321
00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:16,800
At this point
is the Chinese Communist Party

322
00:20:16,920 --> 00:20:19,360
still
a small underground movement,

323
00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:22,160
controlled by the Comintern
from Moscow.

324
00:20:22,280 --> 00:20:25,880
It's been there since 1924
Stalin in power.

325
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:29,800
He doubts the chances of success
of the Chinese comrades.

326
00:20:29,920 --> 00:20:32,920
The working class is
is his assessment,

327
00:20:33,040 --> 00:20:35,320
far too small for a revolution.

328
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:39,400
China was rural back then.

329
00:20:39,520 --> 00:20:43,480
90 percent were farmers.

330
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:45,040
(Thoughtful music)

331
00:20:45,160 --> 00:20:49,200
In addition, Stalin keeps the members
the Chinese Communist Party

332
00:20:49,320 --> 00:20:53,400
for inexperienced,
meaningless and weak.

333
00:20:55,560 --> 00:20:57,200
(Dark music)

334
00:20:57,320 --> 00:21:00,800
Mao wants in the party
set new accents,

335
00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:03,240
but he seems extremely unsuitable,

336
00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:06,040
the communist revolution
to lead.

337
00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:09,400
He actually knew Marx
not at all.

338
00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:10,920
(Thoughtful music)

339
00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:14,840
Communism was easy
a magical term,

340
00:21:14,960 --> 00:21:19,360
yes, for a great people's revolution,
which relies on the whole people,

341
00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:22,360
and on the class struggle,
whatever that was in China.

342
00:21:22,480 --> 00:21:23,480
(Dark music)

343
00:21:28,360 --> 00:21:31,720
(French:) Its Hunanese
Accent was so strong

344
00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:35,080
that most Chinese
couldn't understand him.

345
00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:36,600
(Thoughtful music)

346
00:21:38,680 --> 00:21:42,880
(English:) He spoke to one
strong Hunanese accent.

347
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:44,080
Those of us

348
00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:48,920
the Chinese among teachers
learned with a Beijing accent,

349
00:21:49,040 --> 00:21:50,600
hardly understood him.

350
00:21:50,720 --> 00:21:52,120
(Thoughtful music)

351
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,440
He's never from China
really came out.

352
00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:00,840
He was very Chinese,
from the depths of China.

353
00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:05,320
(Walder:) Mao was
not a great performer.

354
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:11,640
In the newsreels, the
show his speeches at party conferences,

355
00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:12,920
he seems wooden.

356
00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:14,200
(Thoughtful music)

357
00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:16,280
He's not a big talker.

358
00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:20,560
At public appearances
he doesn't radiate much charisma.

359
00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:22,520
(Oppressive music)

360
00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:29,200
At this point
no one yet suspects

361
00:22:29,320 --> 00:22:31,600
what powers lie in Mao.

362
00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:38,440
(French:) Mao has
an incredible imagination.

363
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:40,200
(Serious music)

364
00:22:42,760 --> 00:22:44,520
He will,

365
00:22:44,640 --> 00:22:50,160
what in the eyes of the Marxist
doctrine is considered China's weakness,

366
00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:51,680
transform into strength.

367
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:54,280
(Thoughtful music,
birds chirping)

368
00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:57,160
Mao, you shouldn't forget that,

369
00:22:57,280 --> 00:22:59,680
came from
from a farming environment.

370
00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:02,120
Mao is a man of the people.

371
00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:04,720
(Thoughtful music,
birds chirping)

372
00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:08,920
He analyzes the mechanisms
the exploitation of farmers

373
00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:11,960
under the feudal regime
and comes to the end,

374
00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:16,120
that the actual proletarians
in China not the workers,

375
00:23:16,240 --> 00:23:18,120
but the farmers are.

376
00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:20,720
(Thoughtful music,
birds chirping)

377
00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:25,720
From this he concluded,
that this social class

378
00:23:25,840 --> 00:23:30,160
the Communist Party and the
would help the revolution win.

379
00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:31,680
(Thoughtful music)

380
00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:43,280
(German:) He begins to
mobilize, organize.

381
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:48,440
It's no longer primarily possible
about conquering cities,

382
00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:50,640
Organize industrial proletariat

383
00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:53,280
and that's it
to start the revolution,

384
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:57,000
but it is necessary that rather
the villages surround the cities.

385
00:23:57,120 --> 00:23:58,520
(Thoughtful music)

386
00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:03,040
And on this way it comes to this,

387
00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:06,000
a very own and much larger one
to create dynamics,

388
00:24:06,120 --> 00:24:09,400
which is the entire Chinese
can cover national territory.

389
00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:10,920
(Thoughtful music)

390
00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:21,400
Mao's constant companion
At this time, Yang Kaihui is.

391
00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:26,440
He has been with the young woman since 1920
Married revolutionary.

392
00:24:27,400 --> 00:24:28,840
They have three children.

393
00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:31,240
Together with her husband

394
00:24:31,360 --> 00:24:35,720
wants Yang Kaihui the communist
Bring movement to the farmers.

395
00:24:35,840 --> 00:24:39,800
The couple feels that they
with Mao's revolutionary approach

396
00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:43,200
Millions of people
can win for the party.

397
00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:48,000
Just recognize that too
the leading figures of the Kuomintang,

398
00:24:48,120 --> 00:24:50,720
that there for them
a real competition arises.

399
00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:56,880
The Kuomintang,
China's National People's Party,

400
00:24:57,000 --> 00:25:01,800
emerged in 1912 as a revolutionary force
against the monarchy.

401
00:25:02,360 --> 00:25:03,360
Your goal:

402
00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:08,480
A strong, independent republic,
free from colonial tutelage.

403
00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:12,000
By force of arms
she expands her sphere of power,

404
00:25:12,120 --> 00:25:16,560
until she 1927
dominates much of China.

405
00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:19,920
At the top
this national movement

406
00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:22,360
stands the military man Chiang Kai-shek.

407
00:25:22,480 --> 00:25:23,880
(Disturbing music)

408
00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:29,200
Chiang Kai-shek will
over the course of the 20th century

409
00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:31,600
the great adversary
Becoming Mao Zedong's.

410
00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:33,120
(Disturbing music)

411
00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:38,600
Chiang Kai-shek was a military man,
Nationalist, a leader.

412
00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:42,200
He was convinced only military
Strength could save China.

413
00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:47,720
Chiang Kai-shek has strong support
in the bourgeoisie and among industrialists.

414
00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:51,480
Their financing enables him
a well-equipped army.

415
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:55,680
About the seizure of power
to prevent the communists from

416
00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:59,560
he joins forces
with secret societies,

417
00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:01,520
to wipe out the communists.

418
00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:05,800
1927 escalated
the argument.

419
00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:07,720
Chiang leaves Kai-shek in Hunan

420
00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:11,480
the one organized by Mao
Put down the Autumn Harvest Uprising.

421
00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:15,240
Previously he had the in Shanghai
Communist Party smashed.

422
00:26:15,360 --> 00:26:18,880
This is the urban base
destroyed by the communists.

423
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:22,480
The exact number of victims
are unknown.

424
00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:25,680
There are talks of 5,000 missing people
and 300 dead,

425
00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:28,120
in reality there were many more.

426
00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:29,640
(Disturbing music)

427
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:38,000
Numerous people from Mao's environment

428
00:26:38,120 --> 00:26:40,160
die
in violent conflicts

429
00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:42,600
between the Kuomintang
and the communists.

430
00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:48,400
Also Yang Kaihui, Mao's second wife
and mother of his three children.

431
00:26:48,520 --> 00:26:53,760
The Kuomintang arrests Yang Kaihui
1930 as a retaliatory measure.

432
00:26:53,880 --> 00:26:56,800
She is interrogated for days
and tortured,

433
00:26:56,920 --> 00:26:59,240
in front of her little son.

434
00:26:59,360 --> 00:27:02,880
When she refuses, herself
publicly by Mao Zedong

435
00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:07,080
and the Communist Party
If she breaks away, she will be executed.

436
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:08,600
(Disturbing music)

437
00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:11,040
(guillotine sound)

438
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:17,080
Although Mao at this time
is already separated from Yang Kaihui,

439
00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:19,120
he falls into deep sadness.

440
00:27:19,240 --> 00:27:21,760
He dedicated numerous poems to her.

441
00:27:21,880 --> 00:27:26,800
Later the party becomes Yang Kaihui
celebrate as a revolutionary martyr.

442
00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:32,760
The brutality of the Kuomintang
leaves deep marks on Mao.

443
00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:36,680
The one from Confucianism
characterized farmer's son

444
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,280
undergoes a dramatic transformation.

445
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:42,040
He becomes a violent fighter.

446
00:27:42,160 --> 00:27:43,560
(Disturbing music)

447
00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:49,480
In one of his essays, Mao writes,

448
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,520
that thousands of years
of oppression

449
00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:56,680
cannot be overcome without violence.

450
00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:57,800
(Serious music)

451
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:03,960
This is where it starts, if you will,
Mao's phase as a true revolutionary.

452
00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:09,480
The Kuomintang is the communists
far superior militarily.

453
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,440
That's why Mao retires
with the survivors

454
00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,360
into an inaccessible mountain region
back to Yangxi.

455
00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,160
He wants the fighters there
reorganize.

456
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:25,480
Almost 6,000 kilometers away,
in Moscow,

457
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:30,440
begins at this point
the Soviet dictator Josef Stalin

458
00:28:30,560 --> 00:28:34,720
for the emerging Chinese
To interest revolutionary Mao.

459
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:41,240
I found out that Stalin's first
Reaction to Mao Zedong was positive.

460
00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:43,640
He welcomed the movement in China.

461
00:28:43,760 --> 00:28:47,520
From the Comintern documents
emerges,

462
00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:51,840
that Stalin was Mao's idea
advocated a peasant revolution,

463
00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:56,720
but knows that Mao is in an almost
in a hopeless situation.

464
00:28:56,840 --> 00:28:57,840
(Serious music)

465
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:03,560
Things came to a head at the beginning of the 1930s
the situation turned out to be for the communists.

466
00:29:03,680 --> 00:29:08,440
The Kuomintang has its opponent
almost completely circled.

467
00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:13,200
A communist defeat
Movement seems almost inevitable.

468
00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:18,480
Mao must build a military force
a Red Army.

469
00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:21,120
The farmers alone are not enough

470
00:29:21,240 --> 00:29:25,120
to fight the Kuomintang
to fight on equal terms.

471
00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:30,160
The communists need fighters,
who can handle weapons.

472
00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:33,280
A fascinating discovery,

473
00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:35,760
which I have in Russian archives
made, shows:

474
00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:39,400
The movement led by Mao
was not a pure peasant movement.

475
00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:44,360
Instead she sat down
from vagabonds, lumpenproletariat,

476
00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:49,720
impoverished and destitute clans
the Hakka together.

477
00:29:50,720 --> 00:29:53,160
“Hakka” means “guest people”.

478
00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:56,120
They are descendants
Chinese internal migrants,

479
00:29:56,240 --> 00:29:59,280
which never accepted
and were integrated.

480
00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:03,200
They live in the remote ones
Mountainous regions of southern China.

481
00:30:04,640 --> 00:30:07,600
Mao organized the Hakka.

482
00:30:07,720 --> 00:30:11,400
He openly stated what they were:

483
00:30:11,520 --> 00:30:15,520
a movement of bandits.

484
00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:18,880
This is how it works
the communist leadership,

485
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,880
an army of around 85,000 men
to set up.

486
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:26,680
Among them are also
about 30 women.

487
00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:31,120
One of them is He Zizhen,
Mao's third wife.

488
00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:35,040
She belongs to the Hakka,
is lively, well-read,

489
00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:39,160
a convinced communist
and member of the medical brigade.

490
00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:40,680
(Thoughtful music)

491
00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:45,080
In October 1934
the communists have to

492
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:48,000
the embrace of the Kuomintang
break through,

493
00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:50,800
not completely
to be destroyed.

494
00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:51,920
But how?

495
00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:54,280
The leadership chooses
the most unlikely

496
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:57,520
and most dangerous escape route -
over the mountains.

497
00:30:59,240 --> 00:31:02,960
What follows
is the so-called “Long March”.

498
00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:08,360
Different columns
get moving,

499
00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:12,120
their escape destination
still uncertain at this point.

500
00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:17,880
The "Long March"
goes over 12,000 kilometers.

501
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:21,200
The pace is very high,
because the communists

502
00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:26,000
persecuted by the nationalists
and be harassed.

503
00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:28,280
27 kilometers a day.

504
00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:32,360
That's huge.

505
00:31:34,920 --> 00:31:38,760
Where the march should lead,
is not yet clear at the beginning.

506
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:49,800
The Long March leads
through southern China, the southwest,

507
00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:53,040
the West, to the borders of China.

508
00:31:53,160 --> 00:31:57,960
All in extremely inhospitable conditions
Regions with mountains and rivers,

509
00:31:58,080 --> 00:31:59,720
that have to be crossed.

510
00:31:59,840 --> 00:32:01,480
(Thoughtful music)

511
00:32:04,960 --> 00:32:10,840
It's a very inhospitable area,
through which Mao leads his troops.

512
00:32:10,960 --> 00:32:15,760
It was an achievement
which established his authority.

513
00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:19,080
He carries the troops.

514
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:23,040
He is alone like an emperor,
who faces his fate.

515
00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:26,600
“We represent the interests
the broad masses of the people."

516
00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:28,600
"We breathe the same air."

517
00:32:28,720 --> 00:32:33,000
"We fight for victory
the revolution to the end."

518
00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:37,760
This is where the myth crystallizes
of the communist struggle.

519
00:32:37,880 --> 00:32:40,440
The heroism of the party
and their men,

520
00:32:40,560 --> 00:32:42,720
not even that
had something to eat,

521
00:32:42,840 --> 00:32:48,120
while fighting the armed forces
the Kuomintang fought.

522
00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:50,160
(Serious music)

523
00:32:52,120 --> 00:32:54,080
"The Long March is a campaign,

524
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:56,720
like the story
didn't know yet."

525
00:32:56,840 --> 00:32:58,720
"The Long March is a manifesto,

526
00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:01,520
a propaganda squad,
a sowing machine."

527
00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:03,000
"It has it in history

528
00:33:03,120 --> 00:33:07,240
such campaigns as ours
Long march already given?"

529
00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:09,240
Mao certainly recognizes this

530
00:33:09,360 --> 00:33:12,160
the propaganda value
such a movement.

531
00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:15,640
He stylizes himself and his
Movement as a chosen people.

532
00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:18,520
The Long March is for him
hence a sowing machine,

533
00:33:18,640 --> 00:33:22,480
that's what he calls it, about communist
to spread and show ideas,

534
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:26,360
we are different from the corrupt ones,
exploitative troops of the Kuomintang.

535
00:33:26,480 --> 00:33:29,600
We connect, like fish
with the water, with the people.

536
00:33:29,720 --> 00:33:30,920
(Spherical music)

537
00:33:32,520 --> 00:33:34,400
From this connection with the people

538
00:33:34,520 --> 00:33:38,560
becomes the People's Liberation Army in 1947
emerge,

539
00:33:38,680 --> 00:33:41,960
today's armed forces
the People's Republic of China.

540
00:33:43,920 --> 00:33:46,680
It still is
an important myth.

541
00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:48,960
The rebel army of that time

542
00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:52,520
is today the armed arm
the Chinese Communist Party.

543
00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:56,240
She is under command
Xi Jinping.

544
00:33:56,360 --> 00:33:59,800
Submit to him
around two million soldiers

545
00:33:59,920 --> 00:34:02,360
and half a million reservists.

546
00:34:02,480 --> 00:34:07,040
Signaled with propaganda videos
Xi Jinping combat readiness,

547
00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:08,720
not just externally.

548
00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:10,120
(tense music)

549
00:34:10,880 --> 00:34:14,440
The army has already been opposed
deployed its own population,

550
00:34:14,560 --> 00:34:17,080
also in 1989.

551
00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:21,120
During the popular uprising on the square
of Heavenly Peace

552
00:34:21,240 --> 00:34:24,880
kill soldiers
Hundreds to thousands of civilians.

553
00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:28,240
(Angrily shouting)

554
00:34:28,360 --> 00:34:30,880
"Every communist
must understand this truth."

555
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:33,640
"Political power
comes out of the gun barrels."

556
00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:35,720
"The party commands the rifles,

557
00:34:35,840 --> 00:34:39,160
and the guns are never allowed
command the party."

558
00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:43,480
Mao stylizes the Long March
to his hero myth.

559
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:47,840
In reality it is for many
a march to death.

560
00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:52,280
One survivor remembers:

561
00:34:53,720 --> 00:34:56,600
"The autumn rain
lasted the whole time."

562
00:34:56,720 --> 00:34:59,200
“He transformed our path
into a swamp."

563
00:34:59,320 --> 00:35:03,080
"The sick and weak fell asleep
and never woke up again."

564
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:06,640
“Some forcibly recruited workers
deserted,

565
00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:09,640
the more docile
begged for their release."

566
00:35:09,760 --> 00:35:10,880
(Depressing music)

567
00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:16,640
Thousands die
from hunger or illness.

568
00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,560
Babies are sometimes abandoned.

569
00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:23,760
Mao's wife He Zizhen brings
On the march a girl was born.

570
00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:26,640
The couple gives it to a farmer.

571
00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:31,080
Later, Mao checks on the child
search, but it remains missing.

572
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:32,320
(Depressing music)

573
00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:37,000
In the fall of 1935, after a year,

574
00:35:37,120 --> 00:35:39,920
reach Mao and his followers
Yan’an.

575
00:35:40,040 --> 00:35:44,800
Initially around 85,000 men
only 8,000 arrive.

576
00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:47,320
(suspenseful music)

577
00:35:47,440 --> 00:35:52,200
Tourists can now visit Maos
Follow parts of the route.

578
00:35:52,320 --> 00:35:56,480
The party is pushing
this “red tourism” nationwide.

579
00:35:57,320 --> 00:36:01,360
Museums and theme parks
are intended to stimulate the economy

580
00:36:01,480 --> 00:36:04,560
and the youth
convey the party history.

581
00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:06,520
Also in Yan'an.

582
00:36:06,640 --> 00:36:07,720
(Sublime Music)

583
00:36:10,760 --> 00:36:13,200
Yan'an is a remote area,

584
00:36:13,320 --> 00:36:16,480
that of like-minded communists
is held.

585
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:20,080
At first it looks as if
Chiang Kai-shek will attack there.

586
00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:22,880
But then it comes
to a very important change,

587
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:24,880
the so-called Xi'an Incident.

588
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:29,600
The troops mutinied
Nationalists against Chiang Kai-shek.

589
00:36:29,720 --> 00:36:33,000
They refuse
attack the communists.

590
00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:34,400
(tense music)

591
00:36:35,240 --> 00:36:38,240
The troops say there is
a greater threat to us

592
00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:40,520
than the communists,
namely the Japanese,

593
00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:44,320
which have been part of the for many years
conquer Chinese territory.

594
00:36:44,440 --> 00:36:45,960
(Expectant music)

595
00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:51,600
This unexpected turnaround provides
valuable time for the communists around Mao.

596
00:36:51,720 --> 00:36:55,200
You take advantage of the breathing space
to regenerate.

597
00:36:55,320 --> 00:36:59,280
Yan'an has been around for over a decade
Mao's base.

598
00:37:01,480 --> 00:37:04,960
After the hardships of the march
There is a spirit of optimism.

599
00:37:05,080 --> 00:37:08,920
In Yan'an, Mao sets
first communist ideas.

600
00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:14,280
He expropriates local landowners
and confiscates their devices.

601
00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:18,600
Create yourself in the mountains
the communists simple housing.

602
00:37:18,720 --> 00:37:22,160
Hospitals come later
and schools too.

603
00:37:22,280 --> 00:37:26,360
Finally the communist one appears
Utopia to come true.

604
00:37:26,480 --> 00:37:28,960
At the same time, these are the years

605
00:37:29,080 --> 00:37:32,120
in which Mao
profiled as a theorist.

606
00:37:32,240 --> 00:37:33,800
A very formative phase,

607
00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:36,960
in which a lot of basics
of which are laid,

608
00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:40,880
what we have today with Maoism or
connect to the Maoist system.

609
00:37:41,000 --> 00:37:42,000
(Quiet music)

610
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:48,440
(Froissart:) And in Yan'an
Mao writes every day.

611
00:37:48,880 --> 00:37:49,880
(Quiet music)

612
00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:58,040
(Walder:) Mao studied literature
from Stalin's Soviet Union,

613
00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:00,840
where the personality cult
had a boom.

614
00:38:02,240 --> 00:38:06,560
His conclusion: one
Revolution needs a leader,

615
00:38:06,680 --> 00:38:10,760
the the party
and directs the movement.

616
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:14,360
Mao demands of his followers

617
00:38:14,480 --> 00:38:17,400
their thoughts and feelings
to disclose.

618
00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:19,960
You have to practice self-criticism.

619
00:38:20,080 --> 00:38:25,160
This public humiliation
is intended to eradicate “wrong thinking”.

620
00:38:25,280 --> 00:38:27,720
Everyone should share his worldview.

621
00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:29,120
(tense music)

622
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:33,120
So, really
like in the Catholic Church,

623
00:38:33,240 --> 00:38:35,680
where to hide your sins
then confesses in the evening

624
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:38,760
and have to apologize to God
for the things

625
00:38:38,880 --> 00:38:41,040
which you just
didn't do it right.

626
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:42,160
(Dark music)

627
00:38:44,920 --> 00:38:47,400
Mao modeled himself on Stalin.

628
00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:51,240
He created the Mao cult in Yan'an.

629
00:38:52,720 --> 00:38:57,400
To this day, Yan'an remains a mythical one
charged, holy place.

630
00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:03,680
Hundreds of thousands of schoolchildren and students
and tourists visit it annually.

631
00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,720
I was there in 1994.

632
00:39:07,840 --> 00:39:11,520
You could see the uniform
of the Red Army.

633
00:39:11,640 --> 00:39:13,040
I did that.

634
00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:15,000
I have a photo of it.

635
00:39:15,120 --> 00:39:16,520
(Thoughtful music)

636
00:39:21,840 --> 00:39:24,680
Also the party elite
makes a pilgrimage to Yan'an

637
00:39:24,800 --> 00:39:28,440
and basks in the light
the great helmsman Mao Zedong.

638
00:39:28,560 --> 00:39:32,080
Xi Jinping has a special one
connection to this place.

639
00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:36,120
His father belonged
to Mao's first comrades,

640
00:39:36,240 --> 00:39:39,280
here are the basics
the later People's Republic of China

641
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:41,720
designed and tested.

642
00:39:41,840 --> 00:39:43,120
(tense music)

643
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:47,600
Xi Jinping's rise to power
was no coincidence.

644
00:39:49,680 --> 00:39:52,640
He originates
from a revolutionary family

645
00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:58,600
and strives to
to get on a level with Mao.

646
00:39:58,720 --> 00:40:00,200
(Thoughtful music)

647
00:40:01,040 --> 00:40:04,600
Xi Jinping knows
that self-expression is fundamental.

648
00:40:04,720 --> 00:40:06,040
Just like Mao.

649
00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:10,440
This one is based in Yan'an
to visitors from abroad.

650
00:40:12,120 --> 00:40:15,280
So there was a whole series
by western journalists,

651
00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:18,720
those in the Yan'an phase initially
on very adventurous paths

652
00:40:18,840 --> 00:40:21,160
have managed it,
to advance to Yan'an

653
00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:23,720
and the pictures
and have delivered writings,

654
00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:26,960
which is Mao and the communist
party wanted.

655
00:40:27,080 --> 00:40:32,600
Especially supporters of the American ones
Leftists are fascinated by Mao.

656
00:40:32,720 --> 00:40:35,880
One of them
is the author Edgar Snow.

657
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,160
He accompanies Mao
over a longer period of time

658
00:40:39,280 --> 00:40:42,000
and conducts detailed interviews
with him.

659
00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:45,400
Edgar Snow is an incredible
important person

660
00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:50,160
for the charismatization of Mao
in a global context,

661
00:40:50,280 --> 00:40:52,720
well, so to speak
the global icon Mao

662
00:40:52,840 --> 00:40:57,320
arises, among other things, through
the book he wrote.

663
00:40:59,840 --> 00:41:02,600
Which is then translated back
into Chinese

664
00:41:02,720 --> 00:41:05,080
and what Mao then
also known in China.

665
00:41:05,880 --> 00:41:08,920
Snow's book "Red Star over China"

666
00:41:09,040 --> 00:41:13,640
shapes the image of someone close to the earth
and brilliant Mao.

667
00:41:13,760 --> 00:41:16,400
Just as he hoped.

668
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:23,400
Yan'an may be the moment where
Mao actually achieved his greatness.

669
00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:29,360
Mao enjoys the attention,
especially that of women.

670
00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:34,320
In Yan'an will be him
Numerous affairs are said to have occurred.

671
00:41:34,440 --> 00:41:35,440
(Quiet music)

672
00:41:38,880 --> 00:41:42,160
The Communist Party
promised free love.

673
00:41:42,280 --> 00:41:45,080
Previously there were only arranged marriages.

674
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:48,000
Many high-ranking party members

675
00:41:48,120 --> 00:41:52,720
separated from their old wives
and married younger ones.

676
00:41:52,840 --> 00:41:56,760
Mao met the beautiful actress
Know Jiang Qing.

677
00:41:58,360 --> 00:42:02,120
The actress Jiang Qing
had come to Yan'an,

678
00:42:02,240 --> 00:42:05,400
to get to the academy
to work for dramatic art.

679
00:42:05,520 --> 00:42:09,520
Mao, who occasionally comes over there
philosophy and literature speaks,

680
00:42:09,640 --> 00:42:11,200
falls in love with her.

681
00:42:11,320 --> 00:42:12,320
(Quiet music)

682
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:19,400
He leaves his third wife
He Zizhen and marries Jiang Qing.

683
00:42:23,320 --> 00:42:24,320
(Dark music)

684
00:42:28,920 --> 00:42:32,720
Mao is persecuted in Yan'an
a goal from the start.

685
00:42:32,840 --> 00:42:36,720
All areas of life should
his communist dogma

686
00:42:36,840 --> 00:42:40,000
be subjected,
including art.

687
00:42:41,520 --> 00:42:43,840
"The story
is created by the people."

688
00:42:43,960 --> 00:42:47,320
"But on the old stages
the people are now portrayed like this,

689
00:42:47,440 --> 00:42:49,680
as if it were just scum."

690
00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:51,840
"The stage
is ruled by nobles

691
00:42:51,960 --> 00:42:54,320
and their spoiled sons
and daughters."

692
00:42:54,440 --> 00:42:58,680
"This wrong story should
now be turned back by you,

693
00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:02,480
about the true face of history
to restore."

694
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:03,600
(Dark music)

695
00:43:04,680 --> 00:43:07,600
It was already very clear
in the Yan'an speeches,

696
00:43:07,720 --> 00:43:14,000
that he just says, literature, art
and music must serve the people.

697
00:43:15,640 --> 00:43:18,720
But he doesn't say what exactly
is the political direction.

698
00:43:18,840 --> 00:43:23,400
That's exactly what artists do
then it was so incredibly dangerous

699
00:43:23,520 --> 00:43:26,840
because you are never 100 percent
could know whether that

700
00:43:26,960 --> 00:43:32,000
what you're doing right now, possibly
will be banned tomorrow.

701
00:43:32,120 --> 00:43:33,400
(tense music)

702
00:43:33,720 --> 00:43:37,240
There is resistance in Yan'an
against Mao's instructions.

703
00:43:37,360 --> 00:43:39,480
Some artists refuse

704
00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:42,520
their works in the service of politics
to provide.

705
00:43:42,640 --> 00:43:45,000
Authors question things in essays

706
00:43:45,120 --> 00:43:49,280
the privileges of higher cadres
in food and clothing.

707
00:43:49,400 --> 00:43:51,680
A whispered joke is making the rounds:

708
00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:55,480
There are only three things in Yan'an
the same for everyone:

709
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:58,160
the sun, the air
and the toilets.

710
00:44:00,320 --> 00:44:03,600
Mao feared
criticism undermines unity

711
00:44:03,720 --> 00:44:06,680
and the party's esprit de corps.

712
00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:08,600
He wanted to put an end to that.

713
00:44:08,720 --> 00:44:09,720
(Dark music)

714
00:44:16,080 --> 00:44:19,640
He leaves lists of names
his critics create.

715
00:44:21,320 --> 00:44:22,320
(ringing)

716
00:44:23,320 --> 00:44:27,880
Mao then leads a purge
within the party.

717
00:44:30,320 --> 00:44:31,920
His belief:

718
00:44:32,040 --> 00:44:36,080
The party must be regular
be freed from dissenters.

719
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:37,200
(Dark music)

720
00:44:39,240 --> 00:44:43,280
In China today there is formal
no limits for art.

721
00:44:43,960 --> 00:44:46,920
But in terms of content
There are no-go areas.

722
00:44:48,160 --> 00:44:52,520
The Tiananmen Massacre, critical
aspects of Mao's story,

723
00:44:52,640 --> 00:44:54,760
Pornography and human rights.

724
00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:56,160
(tense music)

725
00:44:57,200 --> 00:45:01,400
Artists in China avoid them
Issues due to fear of arrest.

726
00:45:02,040 --> 00:45:05,160
Winnie the Pooh has also become taboo recently.

727
00:45:05,280 --> 00:45:10,280
After video clips the cartoon
bears compared with Xi Jinping,

728
00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:12,600
his depiction was banned.

729
00:45:12,720 --> 00:45:15,160
She questions whoever is in power.

730
00:45:19,040 --> 00:45:20,200
(buzz of voices)

731
00:45:20,320 --> 00:45:22,960
While Mao domestically
consolidates his power,

732
00:45:23,080 --> 00:45:28,920
foreign policy is getting tougher
Situation in the summer of 1937 was massive.

733
00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:33,040
Japan strengthened
its grip on China.

734
00:45:33,160 --> 00:45:37,880
As early as 1931, the Empire had
occupied Manchuria

735
00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:41,000
and a puppet emperor
installed.

736
00:45:41,120 --> 00:45:44,160
Now Japan is pushing further
into the Chinese heartland.

737
00:45:46,160 --> 00:45:47,160
(explosion)

738
00:45:47,720 --> 00:45:52,120
On July 7, 1937
there are firefights

739
00:45:52,240 --> 00:45:54,720
between Japanese
and Chinese troops

740
00:45:54,840 --> 00:45:57,240
at the Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing.

741
00:45:58,480 --> 00:46:02,000
That was the outbreak of the Second
World War in Asia.

742
00:46:02,120 --> 00:46:03,120
(Dark music)

743
00:46:03,880 --> 00:46:07,720
Now the Japanese troops are advancing
to the south of China.

744
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:13,880
The Japanese are leaving
with unimaginable brutality.

745
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:18,080
They force the residents to give up their
Open houses and invade.

746
00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:22,000
They disregard it
any rules of war.

747
00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:26,080
(Dark music, screaming)

748
00:46:30,640 --> 00:46:31,920
(Spherical music)

749
00:46:35,320 --> 00:46:39,600
The Japanese soldiers
conquer Nanjing.

750
00:46:40,440 --> 00:46:41,560
(Depressing music)

751
00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:46,960
They commit
unprecedented atrocities.

752
00:46:47,080 --> 00:46:48,200
(Depressing music)

753
00:46:50,960 --> 00:46:55,400
There will be
around 300,000 people murdered.

754
00:47:00,920 --> 00:47:07,440
A terrible incident that many
Chinese have not forgotten.

755
00:47:08,760 --> 00:47:09,960
(Spherical music)

756
00:47:10,480 --> 00:47:13,480
"Japanese aggression
is getting worse day by day

757
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:15,720
and is such a huge threat

758
00:47:15,840 --> 00:47:19,360
that is in her face
all of China's forces must unite."

759
00:47:19,480 --> 00:47:22,800
"Because of the danger
for our national existence

760
00:47:22,920 --> 00:47:25,600
are we ready today,
to unite us."

761
00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:32,040
The idea behind this is
that nationalists and communists

762
00:47:32,160 --> 00:47:36,400
have to form a union,
to save China from Japan.

763
00:47:37,920 --> 00:47:39,920
As a result of Chiang's capture

764
00:47:40,040 --> 00:47:44,840
by mutinous troops in December
1936 and under pressure from Stalin

765
00:47:44,960 --> 00:47:48,280
conclude Mao and Chiang
an alliance of convenience against Japan.

766
00:47:49,520 --> 00:47:52,720
Mao was considered an architect
a guerrilla movement,

767
00:47:52,840 --> 00:47:55,480
who are against Japan
defended himself.

768
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:56,600
(Dark music)

769
00:47:58,680 --> 00:48:01,360
Whereby the communist side
is very careful,

770
00:48:01,480 --> 00:48:04,400
their own troops, that is
largely autonomous

771
00:48:04,520 --> 00:48:06,400
and in this way ensures

772
00:48:06,520 --> 00:48:09,200
that their own strength
can continue to grow,

773
00:48:09,320 --> 00:48:13,840
while the main load
of defense the army

774
00:48:13,960 --> 00:48:16,840
and Chiang Kai-shek's troops
has to bear.

775
00:48:18,120 --> 00:48:19,480
Mao's goal is

776
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:23,840
continues to be an independent one
build a powerful army,

777
00:48:23,960 --> 00:48:28,640
to fight again after the war
to be able to fight the Kuomintang.

778
00:48:29,720 --> 00:48:30,960
(tense music)

779
00:48:33,360 --> 00:48:36,400
Lasts eight years
the bitter struggle of the Chinese

780
00:48:36,520 --> 00:48:38,440
against the overwhelming Japanese.

781
00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:45,240
Just one event
of historical significance

782
00:48:45,360 --> 00:48:49,120
seals the end of the war
in the Pacific-Asian region.

783
00:48:56,040 --> 00:49:00,560
The atomic bombings
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

784
00:49:00,680 --> 00:49:02,080
(Disturbing music)

785
00:49:04,200 --> 00:49:06,760
The common enemy Japan
was defeated.

786
00:49:06,880 --> 00:49:10,640
And that means the communists
and the nationalists

787
00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:12,680
two separate forces again.

788
00:49:14,040 --> 00:49:17,560
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong
become enemies again.

789
00:49:17,680 --> 00:49:20,600
An attempt at mediation by the USA
fails.

790
00:49:20,720 --> 00:49:24,480
Mao turns to Stalin
and asks for support

791
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:27,640
for the upcoming battle
against the Kuomintang.

792
00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:30,240
He demands money and weapons,
about his troops

793
00:49:30,360 --> 00:49:33,360
for the decisive confrontation
to equip.

794
00:49:33,480 --> 00:49:36,520
But Stalin is not interested
on the civil war in China

795
00:49:36,640 --> 00:49:38,120
after the Second World War.

796
00:49:39,880 --> 00:49:44,600
Unimpressed by Stalin's concerns
Mao relies on his instinct.

797
00:49:44,720 --> 00:49:46,880
He is sure of victory.

798
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:48,280
(tense music)

799
00:49:49,880 --> 00:49:51,680
Civil war breaks out again

800
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:54,520
between nationalists
and communists.

801
00:49:56,320 --> 00:49:58,680
Both sides recruit
simple people,

802
00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:01,360
often under duress, for their armies.

803
00:50:02,480 --> 00:50:05,800
But the balance of power
has shifted.

804
00:50:05,920 --> 00:50:10,360
Chiang Kai-shek's troops...
are exhausted.

805
00:50:10,480 --> 00:50:12,280
(Serious music, explosions)

806
00:50:13,920 --> 00:50:17,360
Mao's strategy
unfolds its full effect.

807
00:50:17,480 --> 00:50:19,920
Chiang Kai-shek
weakened troops

808
00:50:20,040 --> 00:50:23,120
break under the onslaught
of the communists together.

809
00:50:23,240 --> 00:50:25,840
Cities fall like dominoes.

810
00:50:25,960 --> 00:50:26,960
(cheers, whistles)

811
00:50:28,480 --> 00:50:30,160
Chiang's army crumbles,

812
00:50:30,280 --> 00:50:32,920
his soldiers
change sides in droves.

813
00:50:34,680 --> 00:50:38,480
On the evening of January 20, 1949

814
00:50:38,600 --> 00:50:43,080
Mao's army is at the gates
Beijing, ready for the final blow.

815
00:50:45,120 --> 00:50:49,680
Is Mao the man
that will lead China to new greatness?

816
00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:51,200
(Thoughtful music)

817
00:50:58,800 --> 00:51:01,640
"The Chinese, the one quarter
of humanity,

818
00:51:01,760 --> 00:51:03,560
have now stood up."

819
00:51:04,720 --> 00:51:06,560
(Thoughtful music, screaming)

820
00:51:09,240 --> 00:51:11,040
(Screams echo briefly.)

821
00:51:11,160 --> 00:51:12,680
(Thoughtful music)

822
00:51:12,800 --> 00:51:15,800
SWR 2024